GUIDE TO TIPITAKA – CHAPTER 9: WHAT IS ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA?
GUIDE TO TIPITAKA – CHAPTER 9: WHAT IS ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA?
(a) Abhidhamma, the Higher Teaching of the Buddha.
Abhidhamma is the third great division of the Pitaka. It is a huge collection of systematically arranged, tabulated and classified doctrines of the Buddha, representing the quintessence of his Teaching.
Abhidhamma means Higher Teaching or Special Teaching; it is unique in its abstruseness, analytical approach, immensity of scope and conduciveness to one’s liberation.
The Buddha dhamma has only one taste, the taste of liberation. But in Suttanta discourses, the Buddha takes into consideration the intellectual level of his audience, and their attainments in parami. He therefore teaches the dhamma in conventional terms (vohara vacana), making references to persons and objects as I, we, he, she, men, woman, cow, tree, etc. But in Abhidhamma the Buddha makes no such concessions; he treats the dhamma entirely in terms of the ultimate reality (paramattha sacca). He analyses every phenomenon into its ultimate constituents. All relative concepts such as man, mountain, etc. are reduced to their ultimate elements which are then precisely defined, classified and systematically arranged.
Thus in Abhidhamma everything is expressed in terms of khandhas, five aggregates of existence; ayatanas, five sensory organs and mind, and their respective sense objects; dhatu, elements; indriya, faculties; sacca, fundamental truths; and so on. Relative conceptual objects such as man, women, etc. are resolved into ultimate components of khandhas, ayatanas, etc. and viewed as an impersonal psycho-physical phenomenon, which is conditioned by various factors and is impermanent (anicca), suffering (dukkha) and is without a permanent entity (anatta).
Having resolved all phenomena into ultimate components analytically (as in Dhammasangani and Vibhanga) it aims at synthesis by defining inter-relations (paccaya) between the various constituent factors (as in Patthana). Thus Abhidhamma forms a gigantic edifice of knowledge relating to the ultimate realities which, in its immensity of scope, grandeur, subtlety, and profundity, properly belongs only to the intellectual domain of the Buddha.
(b) The seven books of Abhidhamma.
The Suttanta Pitaka also contains discourses dealing with analytical discussions and conditional relationship of the five aggregates. Where the need arises subjects such as the five aggregates, ayatanas, etc. are mentioned in the sutta discourses. But they are explained only briefly by what is known as the Sutta Method of Analysis (Suttanta bhajaniya), giving bare definitions with limited descriptions. For example, khandhas, the five aggregates, are enumerated as the corporeal aggregate, the aggregate of sensation, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of mental formations (volitional activities) and the aggregate of consciousness, They may be dealt with a little more comprehensively; for instance, the corporeal aggregate may be further defined as corporeality of the past, the present or the future; the corporeality which is internal or external, coarse or fine, inferior or superior, far or near. The Sutta Method of Analysis does not usually go further than this definition.
But the Abhidhamma approach is more thorough, more penetrating, breaking down each corporeal or mental component into the ultimate, the most infinitesimal unit. For example, Rupakkhandha, corporeal aggregate, has been analysed into twenty eight constituents; Vedanakkhandha, the aggregate of sensation, into five; Sannakkhandha, the aggregate of perception, into six; Sankharakkhandha, the aggregate of mental formations, into fifty; and Vinnanakkhandha, the aggregate of consciousness, into eighty nine. Then each constituent part is minutely described with its properties and qualities and its place in the well arranged system of classification is defined.
A complete description of things require also a statement of how each component part stands in relation to other component parts. This entails therefore a synthetical approach as well, to study the interrelationship between constituent parts and how they are related to other internal or external factors.
Thus the Abhidhamma approach covers a wide field of study, consisting of analytical and synthetical methods of investigation, describing and defining minutely the constituent parts of aggregates, classifying them under well-ordered heads and well-arranged systems and finally setting out conditions in which they are related to each other. Such a large scope of intellectual endeavour needs to be encompassed in a voluminous and classified compilation. Hence the Abhidhamma Pitaka is made up of seven massive treatises, namely,
(i) Dhammasangani, containing detailed enumeration of all phenomena with an analysis of consciousness (citta) and its concomitant mental factors (cetasikas);
(ii) Vibhanga, consisting of eighteen separate sections on analysis of phenomena quite distinct from that of Dhammasangani;
(iii) Dhatukatha, a small treatise written in the form of a catechism, discussing all phenomena of existence with reference to three categories, khandha, ayatana and datu
(iv) Puggalapannatti, a small treatise giving a description of various types of individuals according to the stage of their achievement along the Path;
(v) Kathavatthu, a compilation by the Venerable Moggaliputta, the presiding thera of the third Great Synod in which he discusses and refutes doctrines of other schools in order to uproot all points of controversy on the Buddha dhamma;
(vi) Yamaka, regarded as a treatise on applied logic in which analytical procedure is arranged in pairs;
(vii) Patthana, a gigantic treatise which together with Dhammasangani, the first book, constitutes the quintessence of the Abhidhamma Pitaka. It is a minutely detailed study of the doctrine of conditionality, based on twenty four paccayas, conditions or relations.
(c) Conventional Truth (Sammuti Sacca) and Ultimate Truth (Paramattha Sacca).
Two kinds of Truth are recognised in the Abhidhamma according to which only four categories of things, namely, mind (consciousness), mental concomitants, Materiality and Nibbana are classed as the Ultimate Truth; all the rest are regarded as apparent truth. When we use such expression as ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘man’, ‘Woman’, ‘person’, ‘individual’, we are speaking about things which do not exist in reality. By using such expressions about things which exist only in designation, we are not telling a lie; we are merely speaking an apparent truth, making use or conventional language, without which no communication will be possible.
But the Ultimate Truth is that there is no ‘person’, ‘individual’ or ‘I’ in reality. There exist only khandhas made up of corporeality, mind (consciousness) and mental concomitants. These are real in that they are not just designations, they actually exist in us or around us.
